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1 lay the basis for
Общая лексика: заложить базу (чего-л.), заложить основы (чего-л.) -
2 lay the basis
temeljiti -
3 basis
noun, pl. bases1) (ingredient) Grundbestandteil, der2) (foundation, principle, common ground) Basis, dieon a purely friendly basis — auf rein freundschaftlicher Basis
on a first come first served basis — nach dem Prinzip "Wer zuerst kommt, mahlt zuerst"
3) (beginning) Ausgangspunkt, der* * *['beisis]plural - bases; noun(that on which a thing rests or is founded: This idea is the basis of my argument.) die Grundlage* * *ba·sis<pl bases>[ˈbeɪsɪs, pl -si:z]nto do sth on a regular \basis etw regelmäßig tunto do sth on a voluntary \basis etw auf freiwilliger Basis tun2. STOCKEX Basis f; AM Differenz f zwischen dem Kassakurs und dem korrespondierenden Terminkontraktkurs eines Finanztitels* * *['beIsɪs]n pl basesto be on a sound basis (business) — auf festen Füßen stehen; (theory)
to put sth on a sounder basis — einer Sache (dat) eine solidere Basis geben, etw auf eine solidere Basis stellen
on the basis of this evidence — aufgrund dieses Beweismaterials
to approach a problem on a scientific basis — an ein Problem wissenschaftlich herangehen
* * *basis [ˈbeısıs] pl -ses [-siːz] s2. → academic.ru/5635/base">base1 A 3, A 8 b3. fig Basis f, Grundlage f:on the basis of auf der Basis von (od gen);be paid on an hourly basis nach Stunden bezahlt werden;on a voluntary basis auf freiwilliger Basis;basis of discussion Diskussionsgrundlage;basis of comparison Vergleichsbasis;basis of trust Vertrauensbasis;take as a basis etwas zugrunde legen4. MATHa) Grund-, Basisfläche fb) Grundlinie f, Basis f* * *noun, pl. bases1) (ingredient) Grundbestandteil, der2) (foundation, principle, common ground) Basis, dieon a first come first served basis — nach dem Prinzip "Wer zuerst kommt, mahlt zuerst"
3) (beginning) Ausgangspunkt, der* * *n.Basis Basen f.Grundlage f. -
4 basis
nоснова, базисto afford a basis — служить основой / базой
to deal with smth on a one-by-one basis — разбираться с каждым случаем в отдельности
to determine on a case-by-case basis — устанавливать / решать в каждом отдельном случае
to discuss smth on a case-by-case basis — рассматривать что-л. в каждом отдельном случае
to form the basis for smth — создавать основу для чего-л.
- basis of a complaintto lay the basis — создавать основу; положить начало
- basis of foreign policy
- business basis
- capitalist basis
- class basis
- compensation basis
- construction on a turnkey basis
- contract basis
- contractual basis
- economic basis
- firm basis for smth
- ideological basis
- legal basis
- main basis
- on a bilateral basis
- on a case-by-case basis
- on a collective basis
- on a commission basis
- on a comparative basis
- on a compensation basis
- on a competitive basis
- on a confidential basis
- on a contractual basis
- on a co-operative basis
- on a feedback basis
- on a fellowship basis
- on a firm basis
- on a global basis
- on a government-to-government basis
- on a just and democratic basis
- on a lump-sum basis
- on a most-favored-nation basis
- on a multilateral basis
- on a multiparty basis
- on a mutual basis
- on a mutually advantageous basis
- on a mutually agreed basis
- on a nondiscriminatory basis
- on a nonparty basis
- on a nonracial basis
- on a one-by-one basis
- on a parity basis
- on a permanent basis
- on a piecemeal basis
- on a preferred voting basis
- on a priority basis
- on a proportionate basis
- on a provisional basis
- on a reciprocal basis
- on a regional basis
- on a regular basis
- on a selective basis
- on a sound basis
- on a subregional basis
- on a temporary basis
- on a unilateral basis
- on a voluntary basis
- on an emergency basis
- on an equitable basis
- on an independent basis
- on an international basis
- on an interregional basis
- on an open-ended basis
- on equal percentage basis
- on pay-your-own-way basis
- on the basis of equality, mutual benefit and nonintervention
- on the basis of mutual respect and noninterference in each other's internal affairs
- on the basis of priority
- on the basis of smth
- on this basis
- political basis
- potentially acceptable basis for smth
- scientific basis
- secure basis
- self-supporting basis
- social basis
- sociopolitical basis
- technological basis
- theoretical basis for smth -
5 lay
lay [leɪ]poser ⇒ 2 (a) mettre ⇒ 2 (a), 2 (c) étendre ⇒ 2 (a) préparer ⇒ 2 (d) pondre ⇒ 2 (e), 3 (a) imposer ⇒ 2 (f) porter ⇒ 2 (g) soumettre ⇒ 2 (h) dissiper ⇒ 2 (i) laïque ⇒ 4 (a) profane ⇒ 4 (b)(pt & pp laid [leɪd])1 pt of lie∎ to lay sb/sth flat coucher ou étendre qn/qch (par terre);∎ lay the cards face upwards posez les cartes face en l'air;∎ lay the photos on the shelf to dry mettez les photos à plat sur l'étagère pour qu'elles sèchent;∎ he laid the baby on the bed il a couché l'enfant sur le lit;∎ she laid her head on my shoulder elle a posé sa tête sur mon épaule;∎ euphemism to lay sb to rest enterrer qn;∎ she laid the blanket on the ground elle a étendu la couverture par terre;∎ familiar to lay eyes on sb/sth voir qn/qch□ ;∎ to lay it on the line ne pas y aller par quatre chemins(b) (tiles, bricks, pipes, cable, carpet, foundations) poser; (wreath) déposer; (mine) poser, mouiller; (concrete) couler;∎ to lay lino on the floor, to lay the floor with lino poser du linoléum;∎ a roof laid with zinc un toit recouvert de zinc;∎ figurative the plan lays the basis or the foundation for economic development le projet jette les bases du développement économique(c) (set → table) mettre;∎ lay the table for six mettez la table pour six (personnes), mettez six couverts;∎ they hadn't laid enough places ils n'avaient pas mis assez de couverts, il manquait des couverts(d) (prepare, arrange → fire) préparer;∎ to lay a trail tracer un chemin;∎ they laid a trap for him ils lui ont tendu un piège∎ American familiar figurative to lay an egg faire une gaffe;∎ to lay emphasis or stress on sth mettre l'accent sur qch;∎ to lay the blame (for sth) on sb faire porter la responsabilité (de qch) à qn;∎ to lay a curse on sb/sth jeter un sort à qn/qch∎ to lay a complaint déposer une plainte, porter plainte;∎ to lay a matter before the court saisir le tribunal d'une affaire;∎ to lay an accusation against sb porter une accusation contre qn;∎ charges have been laid against five men cinq hommes ont été inculpés∎ he laid all the facts before me il me présenta tous les faits;∎ she laid the scheme before him elle lui soumit le projet∎ I'll lay you ten to one that she won't come je te parie à dix contre un qu'elle ne viendra pas∎ to get laid s'envoyer en l'air∎ to lay a whip across sb's back fouetter qn∎ the rain helped to lay the dust la pluie a fait retomber la poussière∎ to lay oneself open to criticism s'exposer à la critique(a) (bird, fish) pondre(a) (non-clerical) laïque;∎ in lay dress en habit laïque(b) (not professional) profane, non spécialiste;∎ the book is intended for a lay audience le livre est destiné à un public de profanes5 noun∎ he's/she's a good lay c'est un bon coup(b) (poem, song) lai m►► Religion lay brother frère m lai;lay days starie f, jours mpl de planche;Art lay figure mannequin m;lay person profane mf, non-initié(e) m,f;lay preacher prédicateur(trice) m,f laïque;lay reader prédicateur(trice) m,f laïque;lay sister sœur f converse∎ she laid about him with her umbrella elle l'a attaqué à coups de parapluie, elle lui a tapé dessus avec son parapluie;∎ to lay about one (hit out) frapper de tous côtés(a) (put down) mettre de côté;∎ she laid her knitting aside to watch the news elle posa son tricot pour regarder les informations;∎ figurative you should lay aside any personal opinions you might have vous devez faire abstraction de toute opinion personnelle∎ we have some money laid aside nous avons de l'argent de côté(of horse → ears) rabattre, coucherBritish (provisions) mettre de côté(a) (put down) poser;∎ she laid her knife and fork down elle posa son couvert;∎ to lay down one's arms déposer ou rendre les armes(b) (renounce, relinquish) renoncer à;∎ to lay down one's life se sacrifier(c) (formulate, set out → plan, rule) formuler, établir; (→ condition) imposer; (→ duties) spécifier;∎ as laid down in the contract, the buyer keeps exclusive rights il est stipulé ou il est bien précisé dans le contrat que l'acheteur garde l'exclusivité(e) (store → wine) mettre en cave∎ he has laid down five acres of barley il a semé deux hectares et demi d'orge(stores) faire provision de;∎ to lay in provisions faire des provisions;∎ we've laid in plenty of food for the weekend nous avons prévu beaucoup de nourriture pour le week-end;∎ Commerce to lay in goods or stock faire provision de marchandises(a) (attack → physically) tomber (à bras raccourcis) sur; (→ verbally) prendre à partie, passer un savon à;∎ he really laid into his opponent il est tombé à bras raccourcis sur son adversaire;∎ she laid into the government for their hard-line attitude elle a pris le gouvernement à partie pour son attitude intransigeante(b) (eat greedily) se jeter sur➲ lay off(b) (in gambling → bet) couvrir∎ to lay off a risk effectuer une réassurance∎ to lay the ball off for sb placer le ballon en bonne position pour qn∎ just lay off me! fiche-moi la paix!;∎ I told her to lay off my husband je lui ai dit de laisser mon mari tranquille□∎ to lay off the chocolate ne plus manger de chocolat□ ;∎ to lay off the cigarettes s'arrêter de fumer□ ;∎ you'd better lay off the booze for a while tu devrais t'arrêter de boire pendant quelque temps□ ;∎ familiar lay off it, will you! laisse tomber, tu veux!familiar (drop the subject) laisser tomber;∎ lay off! (leave me alone) fiche-moi la paix!∎ drinks will be laid on les boissons seront fournies;∎ the meal was laid on by our hosts le repas nous fut offert par nos hôtes;∎ they had transport laid on for us ils s'étaient occupés de nous procurer un moyen de transport;∎ I'll lay on a car for you at the station j'enverrai une voiture vous chercher à la gare∎ the caravan has electricity laid on la caravane a l'électricité(c) (spread → paint, plaster) étaler;∎ let me lay some advice on you je vais te filer un bon conseil;∎ did she lay a heavy one on me! elle n'a pas mâché ses mots!∎ if you're not careful, I'll lay one on you! (hit) fais gaffe ou je t'en mets une!(a) (arrange, spread out) étaler;∎ he laid his wares out on the ground il a étalé ou déballé sa marchandise sur le sol(b) (present, put forward) exposer, présenter;∎ her ideas are clearly laid out in her book ses idées sont clairement exposées dans son livre∎ the house is badly laid out la maison est mal agencée∎ we've already laid out a fortune on the project nous avons déjà mis une fortune dans ce projet(f) (knock out) assommer, mettre K-O;∎ he was laid out cold il a été mis K-O(g) Typography faire la maquette de, monterAmerican (stop off) faire une halte, faire escalese mettre en pannemettre en panne(a) (store, save) mettre de côté;∎ figurative you're just laying up trouble for yourself tu te prépares des ennuis(b) (confine to bed) aliter;∎ she's laid up with mumps elle est au lit avec les oreillons∎ my car is laid up ma voiture est au garage -
6 lay
lay [leɪ](verb: preterite, past participle laid)1. verba. ( = place) [+ cards, objects] poser ; ( = stretch out) [+ cloth] étendre• if you so much as lay a finger on me... si tu oses lever la main sur moi...• I wish I could lay my hands on a good dictionary si seulement je pouvais mettre la main sur un bon dictionnaireb. ( = put down) poserc. [+ egg] pondre• to lay o.s. open to criticism s'exposer à la critiqueg. [+ money] parierh. [+ accusation, charge] porter• to get laid se faire sauter (inf !)4. nouna. [of countryside] configuration f• he's/she's a good lay c'est un bon coup (inf !)5. compoundsa. ( = save) mettre de côtéb. [+ prejudice, principles] laisser de côté ; [+ disagreements] faire tairea. [+ object] poserb. [+ rule] établir ; [+ condition, price] fixer• it is laid down in the rules that... il est stipulé dans le règlement que...[+ goods, reserves] faire provision de• he laid into him ( = attacked) il lui est rentré dedans (inf) ; ( = scolded) il lui a passé un savon (inf)► lay off[+ workers] licencier( = leave alone) (inf) you'd better lay off drinking for a while tu ferais mieux de t'abstenir de boire pendant un temps• lay off him! fiche-lui la paix ! (inf)b. [+ clothes] préparer ; [+ goods for sale] étalerc. [+ reasons, events] exposere. ( = knock out) mettre KOa. [+ provisions] amasser* * *[leɪ] 1. 2.1) gen [helper, worker] non initié2) Religion [preacher, member, reader] laïque; [brother, sister] lai3.transitive verb (prét, pp laid)1) lit ( place) poser [object, card] (in dans; on sur); ( spread out) étaler [rug, covering, newspaper] (on sur); ( arrange) disposer (on sur); déposer [wreath]to lay hands on something — fig ( find) mettre la main sur quelque chose
to lay hands on somebody — Religion imposer les mains à quelqu'un
2) ( set for meal)3) ( prepare) préparer [plan, trail]; poser [basis, foundation]; tendre [trap]4) ( fix in place) poser [carpet, tiles, paving, turf, cable, mine]; construire [railway, road, sewer]5) Zoology pondre [egg]to lay stress ou emphasis on something — mettre l'accent sur quelque chose
7) ( bet)4.to lay a bet ou money on something — parier sur quelque chose
intransitive verb (prét, pp laid) [bird] pondrePhrasal Verbs:- lay by- lay down- lay in- lay into- lay off- lay on- lay open- lay out- lay up••to lay a finger ou hand on somebody — ( beat) lever la main sur quelqu'un
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7 lay
attr, inv1) ( not professional) laienhaft;to the \lay mind für den Laien;in \lay terms laienhaft2) ( not clergy) weltlich, Laien-;\lay preacher Laienprediger mthe \lay of the land ( fig) die Lage;to be an easy \lay leicht zu haben sein ( fam)to be a good \lay gut im Bett sein ( fam)to be in \lay Legezeit haben vt <laid, laid>1) ( spread)she laid newspaper over the floor sie deckte den Fußboden mit Zeitungen ab2) ( place)to \lay sth somewhere etw irgendwohin legen;he laid his arm along the back of the sofa er legte seinen Arm auf den Sofarücken;\lay your coats on the bed legt eure Mäntel auf dem Bett ab;3) ( put down)to \lay sth etw verlegen;to \lay bricks mauern;to \lay a cable/ carpet ein Kabel/einen Teppich verlegen;to \lay the foundations of a building das Fundament für ein Gebäude legen;to \lay plaster Verputz auftragen4) ( prepare)to \lay plans Pläne schmieden;to \lay a trail eine Spur legen;to \lay a trap [for sb] [jdm] eine Falle stellen5) ( render)to \lay sb/ sth open to ridicule jdn/etw der Lächerlichkeit preisgeben;to \lay waste the land das Land verwüsten6) ( deposit)to \lay an egg ein Ei legen7) ( wager)to \lay sth etw setzen [o verwetten];to \lay an amount on sth einen Geldbetrag auf etw akk setzen;to \lay a bet on sth auf etw akk wetten;to \lay sb ten to one that... mit jdm zehn zu eins darum wetten, dass...;8) ( present)to \lay sth before sb jdm etw vorlegen, etw vor jdn bringen;to \lay one's case before sb/ sth jdm/etw sein Anliegen unterbreiten9) ( assert)to \lay a charge against sb gegen jdn Anklage erheben;to \lay claim to sth auf etw akk Anspruch erhebento \lay an ace/ a queen ein Ass/eine Königin legento get laid flachgelegt werden (sl)PHRASES:to \lay sb's fears to rest jds Ängste zerstreuen;to \lay a ghost einen [bösen] Geist beschwören [o bannen];to \lay the ghosts of the past Vergangenheitsbewältigung betreiben;to \lay hands on sb Hand an jdn legen;I'll see if I can \lay my hands on a copy for you ich schau mal, ob ich eine Kopie für dich ergattern kann ( fam)to \lay sth on the line etw riskieren [o aufs Spiel setzen];to \lay sth to rest fears, suspicions etw beschwichtigen;aufs Tapet] bringen;(Am) ( suspend discussion of) etw aufschieben;to \lay it [or sth] on [a bit thick [or with a trowel]] etwas übertreiben [o ( fam) zu dick auftragen] vi <laid, laid> hen [Eier] legen -
8 lay
B n1 ◑ injur ( sexual partner) she's an easy lay injur c'est une fille facile offensive ; she's a good lay injur elle baise ● bien offensive ; ( sex act) baise ● f ;2 Literat lai m.C adj1 lit ( place) poser ; ( spread out) étaler [rug, blanket, covering] ; ( arrange) disposer ; (ceremonially, as offering) déposer [wreath] ; coucher [baby, patient] ; lay the cards face down posez les cartes face en dessous ; lay the blanket on the ground étalez la couverture sur le sol ; lay the slices of apple on top disposez les pommes coupées en tranches sur le dessus ; she laid the baby in the cot elle a couché le bébé dans le berceau ; to lay the newspaper on the table étaler le journal sur la table ; he laid his hand on my forehead il a posé sa main sur mon front ; he laid his cheek against hers il a mis sa joue contre la sienne ; to lay hands on sth fig ( find) mettre la main sur qch ; to lay hands on sb Relig imposer les mains à qn ;2 ( set for meal) mettre [table, cutlery, crockery] ; to lay the table for lunch mettre la table pour le déjeuner ; to lay the table for four mettre le couvert pour quatre ; to lay the table with the best china disposer la plus belle porcelaine sur la table ; to lay an extra place ajouter un couvert ;4 Constr, Hort, Mil poser [carpet, tiles, bricks, paving, turf, cable, mine, pipe] ; construire [railway, road, sewer] ;5 Zool pondre [egg] ;6 fig ( attribute) porter [charge, accusation] ; déposer [complaint] ; jeter [curse, spell] (on à) ; to lay stress ou emphasis on sth mettre l' accent sur qch ; to lay the blame for sth on sb rejeter la responsabilité de qch sur qn ;9 ◑ ( have sex with) baiser ● avec ; to get laid se faire sauter ●.2 Naut jeter l'ancre (off au large de ; alongside le long de).to lay it on the line ne pas mâcher ses mots ; to lay a finger ou hand on sb ( beat) lever la main sur qn ; ( touch) toucher.■ lay about:▶ lay about [sb] rouer [qn] de coups ; to lay about sb with a stick rouer qn de coups de bâton.■ lay aside:▶ lay aside [sth], lay [sth] aside1 lit ( for another activity) poser [book, sewing, toy] ; ( after one stage in process) mettre [qch] de côté [part-finished dish, model] ;2 fig ( relinquish) abandonner [studies, cares] ; renoncer à [responsibility, principle, feeling, inhibition, doubt].■ lay back:▶ lay back [sth], lay [sth] back coucher [ears, patient] ; poser [head].■ lay before:▶ lay [sth] before sb soumettre [qch] à qn [law, bill] ; exposer [qch] à qn [case, facts, evidence] ; I laid the facts before them je leur ai exposé les faits.■ lay by:▶ lay by [sth], lay [sth] by mettre [qch] de côté [money, provisions].■ lay down:▶ lay down [sth], lay [sth] down4 ( establish) établir [rule, procedure, plan, course of action] ; poser [condition] ; donner [order] ; fixer [price, charge, wage] ; it is laid down that… il est stipulé que… ;6 Wine mettre [qch] en cave [bottles, wine] ;7 ( record) enregistrer [track].■ lay in:▶ lay in [sth] faire provision de ; we've laid in plenty of beer nous avons fait une grande provision de bière ; to lay in supplies of sth s'approvisionner en qch.■ lay into:▶ lay into [sb]1 lit bourrer [qn] de coups ; she laid into me with her umbrella elle m'a donné des coups de parapluie ;2 ○ fig ( abuse) she laid into me elle m'est tombée dessus ○ ; the teacher laid into them for being late le professeur leur est tombé dessus ○ à cause de leur retard.▶ lay off [sb], lay [sb] off ( sack) ( temporarily) mettre [qn] en chômage technique ; ( permanently) licencier ;▶ lay off [sb] ( leave alone) ○ laisser [qn] tranquille.■ lay on:▶ lay on [sth], lay [sth] on1 ( apply) appliquer [paint, plaster, glue] ;2 GB ( install) [workman] installer [gas, electricity, water] ; [owner] faire installer [gas, electricity, water] ;3 ( supply) prévoir [meal, food, service, transport] ;5 ○ fig ( exaggerate) forcer un peu la dose sur ○ [praise, pathos, sarcasm, gratitude, flattery] ; you laid it on a bit (thick) tu as forcé un peu la dose ○.■ lay open:▶ lay [sth] open exposer (to à) ; to lay oneself open to s'exposer à [accusations, criticism, ridicule, exploitation].■ lay out:▶ lay [sth] out, lay out [sth]1 lit (spread out, display) disposer [goods, cards, food] ; ( unfold) étaler [map, garment, fabric] ; ( put ready) préparer [clothes] ;2 ( design) concevoir [building, book, magazine, advertisement] ; mettre [qch] en page [letter, illustrations] ; monter [page] ; dessiner [town, village, garden] ; disposer [buildings, pattern pieces] ;3 ( explain) exposer [reasons, demands, facts, information] ;4 ○ ( spend) débourser [sum of money] ;▶ lay out [sb], lay [sb] out1 ( prepare for burial) faire la toilette mortuaire de [dead person, corpse] ;2 ○ ( knock unconscious) mettre [qn] KO ○.■ lay up:▶ lay up [sth], lay [sth] up2 ( take out of service) désarmer [boat] ;▶ lay [sb] up ( confine to bed) forcer [qn] à s'aliter ; to be laid up être alité ; to be laid up with être au lit avec [illness, injury]. -
9 lay
I [leɪ] II [leɪ]1) [ worker] non esperto, non specializzato2) relig. [preacher, member] laicoIII [leɪ]nome pop. spreg. chiavata f., scopata f.IV 1. [leɪ]verbo transitivo (pass., p.pass. laid)1) (place) posare, porre, mettere [object, card]; (spread out) stendere [rug, blanket, covering]; (arrange) collocare, disporre; deporre [ wreath]to lay hands on sth. — fig. (find) mettere mano a qcs.
to lay hands on sb. — relig. imporre le mani su qcn
2) (set for meal) apparecchiare, mettere [ table]4) (fix in place) posare [carpet, tiles, cable, mine]; costruire [railway, road]5) zool. deporre [ egg]6) fig. sporgere [charge, complaint]; muovere [ accusation]; gettare [curse, spell]to lay stress o emphasis on sth. — porre l'accento su qcs
8) pop. (have sex with) scopare2.- lay by- lay down- lay in- lay into- lay off- lay on- lay open- lay out- lay up••to lay a finger o hand on sb. — (beat) alzare un dito contro qcn., mettere le mani addosso a qcn
* * *I 1. [lei] past tense, past participle - laid; verb1) (to place, set or put (down), often carefully: She laid the clothes in a drawer / on a chair; He laid down his pencil; She laid her report before the committee.)2) (to place in a lying position: She laid the baby on his back.)3) (to put in order or arrange: She went to lay the table for dinner; to lay one's plans / a trap.)4) (to flatten: The animal laid back its ears; The wind laid the corn flat.)5) (to cause to disappear or become quiet: to lay a ghost / doubts.)6) ((of a bird) to produce (eggs): The hen laid four eggs; My hens are laying well.)7) (to bet: I'll lay five pounds that you don't succeed.)•- layer2. verb(to put, cut or arrange in layers: She had her hair layered by the hairdresser.) scalare; fare a strati- layabout- lay-by
- layout
- laid up
- lay aside
- lay bare
- lay by
- lay down
- lay one's hands on
- lay hands on
- lay in
- lay low
- lay off
- lay on
- lay out
- lay up
- lay waste II see lie II III [lei] adjective1) (not a member of the clergy: lay preachers.)2) (not an expert or a professional (in a particular subject): Doctors tend to use words that lay people don't understand.)•- laymanIV [lei] noun(an epic poem.)* * *I [leɪ] adjRel laico (-a), secolare, (brother, sister) laico (-a), (fig: non-specialist) profano (-a)II [leɪ] ptSee:lie IIIII [leɪ] laid pt, pp1. vt1) (put, set) mettere, posare, (carpet) stendere, (bricks) posare, (cable, pipe) installare, fare la posa di, (trail) lasciare, (subj: bird: egg) deporre, fareto lay the facts/one's proposals before sb — presentare i fatti/delle proposte a qn
to be laid to rest — (euph: buried) essere sepolto (-a)
to get laid fam! — scopare fam!
to lay o.s. open to attack/criticism — esporsi agli attacchi/alle critiche
to lay claim to sth — reclamare qc, accampare diritti mpl su qc
to lay odds or a bet on sth — scommettere su qc
3) (settle: ghost) placare, esorcizzare, (doubts, fears) eliminare, dissipare2. vi(bird) fare le uova, deporre le uova•- lay by- lay down- lay in- lay into- lay off- lay on- lay out- lay over- lay up* * *lay (1) /leɪ/n.1 [u] disposizione; posizione; configurazione: the lay of the land, la configurazione del terreno; (fig.) la situazione attuale4 (fam.) ramo d'affari; lavoro; attività5 (fam.) prezzo6 (volg.) scopata, chiavata (volg.)lay (2) /leɪ/n.(letter.) lai; canzone; lamento.lay (3) /leɪ/a. attr.2 incompetente; profano● (leg., in Inghil.) lay judge, giudice onorario ( non di carriera); giudice di pace □ lay reader, (relig.) predicatore laico; (fig.) profano □ (relig.) lay sister, sorella laica; conversa □ lay status, laicato; condizione secolare.lay (4) /leɪ/pass. di to lie (2).♦ (to) lay /leɪ/(pass. e p. p. laid)A v. t.1 posare; porre; mettere; mettere a posto; collocare; distendere; stendere; spalmare: He laid the keys on the desk, ha posato le chiavi sulla scrivania; to lay bricks, posare i mattoni l'uno sull'altro; to lay the foundation of st., porre (o gettare) le fondamenta di qc.; to lay a railway track, posare un binario; to lay the cloth, stendere (o mettere) la tovaglia; to lay a bomb, mettere una bomba; to lay paint [plaster], stendere la vernice [l'intonaco]2 deporre, fare ( uova); fare le uova: Hens lay eggs, le galline fanno le uova; Reptiles lay eggs, i rettili depongono le uova3 calmare; acquietare; smorzare; fugare; placare: The rain has laid the dust, la pioggia ha smorzato la polvere; to lay sb. 's doubts, fugare ogni dubbio dalla mente di q.4 preparare; progettare; elaborare; fare: to lay a fire, preparare (o disporre la legna, il carbone per) il fuoco; to lay one's plans carefully, preparare accuratamente i propri piani5 mettere innanzi a; esporre; presentare; muovere ( accuse): The lawyer laid his case before the court, l'avvocato ha presentato (o ha esposto) il caso al tribunale6 imporre; dare ( ordini, ecc.): to lay heavy taxes on st., imporre balzelli gravosi su qc.; to lay strict injunctions on sb., dare severi ordini a q.7 coprire; ricoprire; rivestire: to lay a floor with wall-to-wall carpeting, coprire un pavimento con la moquette8 scommettere; fare ( una scommessa); puntare: We laid a wager on who would come in first, facemmo una scommessa su chi sarebbe arrivato primo; I'll lay ten pounds that she'll be late, scommetto dieci sterline che arriverà in ritardo9 appianare; spianare; lisciare10 attribuire; ascrivere; imputare: The murder was laid to a neighbour, un vicino di casa è stato ritenuto responsabile dell'assassinioB v. i.● (fig.) to lay st. at sb. 's door, dare la colpa di qc. a q. □ (fig.) aprire: to lay bare one's heart, mettere a nudo il proprio cuore □ to lay the blame for st. on sb., attribuire la colpa di qc. a q. □ (fig.) to lay sb. by the heels, imprigionare q.; incarcerare q. □ to lay claim to, avanzare una pretesa su; pretendere a: The prince laid claim to the English throne, il principe pretendeva al trono d'Inghilterra □ (leg.) to lay a claim to a right, rivendicare un diritto □ to lay a course, (naut.) seguire una rotta; (fig.) seguire una linea di condotta □ (leg., ass.) to lay damages at a certain sum, fissare una certa somma come risarcimento dei danni □ to lay eyes on, gettare l'occhio (o lo sguardo) su □ (agric.) to lay fallow, lasciare ( un terreno) a maggese □ to lay a finger on, toccare ( con intenzioni ostili): Don't you dare lay a finger on him!, non azzardarti a toccarlo neanche con un dito! □ to lay sb. flat, abbattere (o buttare a terra) q.; stendere q. (fam.) □ to lay great [little] store upon st., dare grande [scarsa] importanza a qc. □ to lay hands on oneself, uccidersi; suicidarsi □ to lay hands on sb., mettere le mani addosso a q.; (relig.) imporre le mani su q. ( per consacrarlo, ordinarlo sacerdote) □ to lay hands on st., metter le mani su qc.; impadronirsi di qc. □ (fig.) to lay heads together, mettersi insieme a discutere (o a far progetti) □ to lay a hedge, mettere a dimora una siepe □ to lay hold of (o on), afferrare (o prendere); (fig.) approfittare di, trarre vantaggio da □ to lay one's hopes on sb., riporre le proprie speranze in q. □ to lay sb. low, abbattere (o atterrare) q.; (fig.: di malattia) buttare giù q. □ to lay oneself open to attack, prestare il fianco agli attacchi □ to lay open, scoprire, esporre; svelare; tagliare, spaccare: to lay open a wound, scoprire una ferita; to lay open a plot, svelare una congiura; to lay one's cheek [arm, leg] open, prodursi uno squarcio in una guancia [un braccio, una gamba] □ (stor.) to lay siege to a castle, mettere l'assedio a un castello □ to lay a trap, [an ambush], tendere una trappola, [un'imboscata] □ ( slang autom., USA) to lay some rubber, sgommare; partire sgommando □ to lay stress (o emphasis) on st., dare un gran peso a qc. □ to lay the table, apparecchiare (la tavola): DIALOGO → - Dinner 2- Can you lay the table?, puoi apparecchiare? □ to lay st. to sb. 's charge, dare la colpa di qc. a q. □ to lay st. to heart, prendersi a cuore qc. □ (fig. eufem.) to lay sb. to rest (o to sleep), seppellire q. □ to lay waste, devastare, mettere a ferro e fuoco ( un paese, ecc.).NOTA D'USO: - to lay / to lie-* * *I [leɪ] II [leɪ]1) [ worker] non esperto, non specializzato2) relig. [preacher, member] laicoIII [leɪ]nome pop. spreg. chiavata f., scopata f.IV 1. [leɪ]verbo transitivo (pass., p.pass. laid)1) (place) posare, porre, mettere [object, card]; (spread out) stendere [rug, blanket, covering]; (arrange) collocare, disporre; deporre [ wreath]to lay hands on sth. — fig. (find) mettere mano a qcs.
to lay hands on sb. — relig. imporre le mani su qcn
2) (set for meal) apparecchiare, mettere [ table]4) (fix in place) posare [carpet, tiles, cable, mine]; costruire [railway, road]5) zool. deporre [ egg]6) fig. sporgere [charge, complaint]; muovere [ accusation]; gettare [curse, spell]to lay stress o emphasis on sth. — porre l'accento su qcs
8) pop. (have sex with) scopare2.- lay by- lay down- lay in- lay into- lay off- lay on- lay open- lay out- lay up••to lay a finger o hand on sb. — (beat) alzare un dito contro qcn., mettere le mani addosso a qcn
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10 lay
I
1. lei past tense, past participle - laid; verb1) (to place, set or put (down), often carefully: She laid the clothes in a drawer / on a chair; He laid down his pencil; She laid her report before the committee.) poner, colocar2) (to place in a lying position: She laid the baby on his back.) tender3) (to put in order or arrange: She went to lay the table for dinner; to lay one's plans / a trap.) preparar4) (to flatten: The animal laid back its ears; The wind laid the corn flat.) tender; allanar; alisar5) (to cause to disappear or become quiet: to lay a ghost / doubts.) calmar, aquietar6) ((of a bird) to produce (eggs): The hen laid four eggs; My hens are laying well.) poner7) (to bet: I'll lay five pounds that you don't succeed.) apostar•- layer
2. verb(to put, cut or arrange in layers: She had her hair layered by the hairdresser.) dividir en capas- layabout- lay-by
- layout
- laid up
- lay aside
- lay bare
- lay by
- lay down
- lay one's hands on
- lay hands on
- lay in
- lay low
- lay off
- lay on
- lay out
- lay up
- lay waste
II see lie II
III lei adjective1) (not a member of the clergy: lay preachers.) laico2) (not an expert or a professional (in a particular subject): Doctors tend to use words that lay people don't understand.) lego, no profesional•- layman
IV lei noun(an epic poem.) romancelay1 vb ponerwill you lay the table? ¿quieres poner la mesa?lay2 vbshe lay unconscious on the floor yacía en el suelo, inconscienteen el sentido de yacer, estar tumbadotr[leɪ]1 SMALLRELIGION/SMALL laico,-a, seglar2 (non-professional) lego,-a, no profesional\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLlay brother hermano legolay figure maniquílay preacher predicador,-ra seglarlay sister hermana lega————————tr[leɪ]————————tr[leɪ]1→ link=lie lie{ 2————————tr[leɪ]1 (gen) poner, colocar; (spread out) extender4 (eggs) poner5 (bet) apostar6 (charge) formular7 taboo follar1 (hen) poner huevos\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto be a great lay taboo ser muy bueno,-a en la camato be laid low estar enfermo,-a ( with, de)to be laid up tener que guardar camato lay claim to something hacer valer su derecho a algoto lay down the law dictar la leyto lay emphasis on something hacer hincapié en algoto lay it on / lay it on a bit thick familiar cargar la mano, cargar las tintas 2 (praise) hacer la pelotato lay one's hands on somebody pillar a alguiento lay open to... exponer a...to lay something flat derribar algoto lay the table poner la mesato lay the blame on somebody echar la culpa a alguiento lay up trouble for oneself crearse problemasto lay waste to arrasar, asolarthe lay of the land SMALLAMERICAN ENGLISH/SMALL la topografía1) place, put: poner, colocarshe laid it on the table: lo puso en la mesato lay eggs: poner huevos2) : hacerto lay a bet: hacer una apuesta3) impose: imponerto lay a tax: imponer un impuestoto lay the blame on: echarle la culpa a4)to lay out present: presentar, exponerhe laid out his plan: presentó su proyecto5)to lay out design: diseñar (el trazado de)lay adjsecular: laico, legolay n1) : disposición f, configuración fthe lay of the land: la configuración del terreno2) ballad: romance m, balada fadj.• laical adj.• laico, -a adj.• lego, -a adj.• seglar adj.n.• disposición s.f.• situación s.f.pret.(Preterito definido de "to lie")v.(§ p.,p.p.: laid) = acabar con v.• acostar v.• derribar v.• poner v.(§pres: pongo, pones...) pret: pus-pp: puestofut/c: pondr-•)
I leɪ
II
1.
(past & past p laid) transitive verb1) (put, place) poner*2) (arrange, put down in position) \<\<bricks/carpet\>\> poner*, colocar*; \<\<cable/pipes\>\> tender*, instalar; \<\<mines\>\> sembrar*3) ( prepare) \<\<trap/ambush\>\> tender*; \<\<plans\>\> hacer*to lay the table — poner* la mesa
4) (present, put forward)to lay a complaint against somebody — formular or presentar una queja contra alguien; claim I 2)
5) ( impose)to lay a burden/fine on somebody — imponer* una carga sobre/una multa a alguien; see also blame II a), stress I 2) a), emphasis
6) ( cause to be)to lay somebody low: he was laid low by malaria — estuvo postrado con malaria
7) ( Zool)to lay eggs — \<\<bird/reptile\>\> poner* huevos; \<\<fish/insects\>\> desovar*
8) \<\<bet\>\> hacer*; \<\<money\>\> apostar*; odds 1)9) ( to have sex with) (sl)
2.
vi1) \<\<hen\>\> poner* huevos2) (crit) lie II II•Phrasal Verbs:- lay down- lay in- lay into- lay off- lay on- lay out- lay up
III
adjective (before n)lay preacher — predicador, -dora m,f seglar
b) ( not expert)the lay reader — el lector profano en la materia, el lector no especializado
IV
noun (sl)he's/she's a good lay — es muy bueno/buena en la cama (fam)
I [leɪ]1. VT(pt, pp laid)1) (=place, put) poner, colocar; [+ carpet, lino] poner, extender; [+ bricks] poner, colocar; [+ pipes] (in building) instalar; [+ cable, mains, track, trap] tender; [+ foundations] echar; [+ foundation stone] colocar; [+ bomb, explosives] colocar; [+ mines] sembrar•
I haven't laid eyes on him for years — hace años que no lo veo•
I didn't lay a finger on it! — ¡no lo toqué!•
I don't know where to lay my hands on... — no sé dónde echar mano a or conseguir...•
to lay sth over or on sth — extender algo encima de algo2) (=prepare) [+ fire] preparar; [+ plans] hacer- the best laid plans3) (=present) [+ plan, proposal] presentar ( before a); [+ accusation, charge] hacer; [+ complaint] formular, presentar•
to lay a claim before sb — presentar una reivindicación a algncharge 1., 1), claim 1., 2)•
to lay the facts before sb — presentar los hechos a algn4) (=attribute) [+ blame] echar; [+ responsibility] atribuir (on a)5) (=flatten, suppress) [+ corn] abatir, encamar; [+ dust] matar; [+ doubts, fears] acallar; [+ ghost] conjurar6) (=cause to be)•
he has been laid low with flu — la gripe lo ha tenido en cama•
to lay o.s. open to attack/criticism — exponerse al ataque/a la crítica7) [+ bet] hacer; [+ money] apostar (on a)I'll lay you a fiver on it! — ¡te apuesto cinco libras a que es así!
to lay that... — apostar a que...
oddsthey're laying bets on who is going to leave next — hacen apuestas sobre quién será el próximo en marcharse
8) [+ egg] [bird, reptile] poner; [fish, amphibian, insect] depositarit lays its eggs on/in... — [fish, amphibian, insect] deposita los huevos or desova en...
9) ** (=have sex with) tirarse a ***, follarse a (Sp) ***2.VI [hen] poner (huevos)3. N1) [of countryside, district etc] disposición f, situación fthe lay of the land — (US) la configuración del terreno; (fig) la situación, el estado de las cosas
2)hen in lay — gallina f ponedora
3) **4) *** (=act) polvo *** m4.CPD- lay away- lay by- lay down- lay in- lay into- lay off- lay on- lay out- lay over- lay up
II
[leɪ]PT of lie II, 1., 1)
III [leɪ]1.ADJ (Rel) laico, lego, seglar; (=non-specialist) lego, profano, no experto2.CPDlay brother N — (Rel) donado m, lego m, hermano m lego
lay person N — (Rel) lego(-a) m / f; (=non-specialist) profano(-a) m / f
lay preacher N — predicador(a) m / f laico(-a)
lay reader N — (Rel) persona laica encargada de conducir parte de un servicio religioso
lay sister N — (Rel) donada f, lega f
IV
[leɪ]N (Mus, Literat) trova f, canción f* * *
I [leɪ]
II
1.
(past & past p laid) transitive verb1) (put, place) poner*2) (arrange, put down in position) \<\<bricks/carpet\>\> poner*, colocar*; \<\<cable/pipes\>\> tender*, instalar; \<\<mines\>\> sembrar*3) ( prepare) \<\<trap/ambush\>\> tender*; \<\<plans\>\> hacer*to lay the table — poner* la mesa
4) (present, put forward)to lay a complaint against somebody — formular or presentar una queja contra alguien; claim I 2)
5) ( impose)to lay a burden/fine on somebody — imponer* una carga sobre/una multa a alguien; see also blame II a), stress I 2) a), emphasis
6) ( cause to be)to lay somebody low: he was laid low by malaria — estuvo postrado con malaria
7) ( Zool)to lay eggs — \<\<bird/reptile\>\> poner* huevos; \<\<fish/insects\>\> desovar*
8) \<\<bet\>\> hacer*; \<\<money\>\> apostar*; odds 1)9) ( to have sex with) (sl)
2.
vi1) \<\<hen\>\> poner* huevos2) (crit) lie II II•Phrasal Verbs:- lay down- lay in- lay into- lay off- lay on- lay out- lay up
III
adjective (before n)lay preacher — predicador, -dora m,f seglar
b) ( not expert)the lay reader — el lector profano en la materia, el lector no especializado
IV
noun (sl)he's/she's a good lay — es muy bueno/buena en la cama (fam)
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11 lay
I adjective1) (Relig.) laikal; Laien[bruder, -schwester, -predigt]2) (inexpert) laienhaftII 1. transitive verb,1) legen, [ver]legen [Teppichboden, Rohr, Gleis, Steine, Kabel, Leitung]; legen [Parkett, Fliesen, Fundament]; anlegen [Straße, Gehsteig]; see also academic.ru/33430/hand">hand 1. 1)2) (fig.)lay one's plans/ideas before somebody — jemandem seine Pläne/Vorstellungen unterbreiten; see also blame 2.; open 1. 4)
3) (impose) auferlegen [Verantwortung, Verpflichtung] (on Dat.)lay weight on something — Gewicht auf etwas (Akk.) legen
4) (wager)I'll lay you five to one that... — ich wette mit dir fünf zu eins, dass...
lay a wager on something — eine Wette auf etwas (Akk.) abschließen; auf etwas (Akk.) wetten
5) (prepare)lay the table — den Tisch decken
lay the breakfast things — den Frühstückstisch decken
6) (Biol.) legen [Ei]7) (devise) schmieden [Plan]; bannen [Geist, Gespenst]8) (sl.): (copulate with)2. nounlay a woman — eine Frau vernaschen od. aufs Kreuz legen (salopp)
(sl.): (sexual partner)she's a good/an easy lay — sie ist gut im Bett/steigt mit jedem ins Bett (ugs.)
Phrasal Verbs:- lay by- lay down- lay in- lay into- lay off- lay on- lay out- lay upIIIsee lie II 2.* * *I 1. [lei] past tense, past participle - laid; verb1) (to place, set or put (down), often carefully: She laid the clothes in a drawer / on a chair; He laid down his pencil; She laid her report before the committee.) legen2) (to place in a lying position: She laid the baby on his back.) legen3) (to put in order or arrange: She went to lay the table for dinner; to lay one's plans / a trap.) decken, herrichten5) (to cause to disappear or become quiet: to lay a ghost / doubts.) bannen7) (to bet: I'll lay five pounds that you don't succeed.) wetten•- layer2. verb(to put, cut or arrange in layers: She had her hair layered by the hairdresser.) legen- layabout- lay-by
- layout
- laid up
- lay aside
- lay bare
- lay by
- lay down
- lay one's hands on
- lay hands on
- lay in
- lay low
- lay off
- lay on
- lay out
- lay up
- lay waste II see lie II III [lei] adjective1) (not a member of the clergy: lay preachers.) Laien-...2) (not an expert or a professional (in a particular subject): Doctors tend to use words that lay people don't understand.) laienhaft•- laymanIV [lei] noun(an epic poem.)* * *lay1[leɪ]adj attr, inv1. (not professional) laienhaftto the \lay mind für den Laienin \lay terms laienhaft2. (not clergy) weltlich, Laien-\lay preacher Laienprediger mlay2[leɪ]lay3[leɪ]I. nto ascertain [or spy out] the \lay of the land die Lage sondierento be an easy \lay leicht zu haben sein famto be a good \lay gut im Bett sein fam▪ to be in \lay Legezeit habenII. vt<laid, laid>1. (spread)she laid newspaper over the floor sie deckte den Fußboden mit Zeitungen ab2. (place)▪ to \lay sth somewhere etw irgendwohin legenhe laid his arm along the back of the sofa er legte seinen Arm auf den Sofarücken3. (put down)▪ to \lay sth etw verlegento \lay bricks mauernto \lay a cable/carpet ein Kabel/einen Teppich verlegento \lay the foundations of a building das Fundament für ein Gebäude legento \lay plaster Verputz auftragen4. (prepare)to \lay plans Pläne schmiedento \lay a trail eine Spur legento \lay a trap [for sb] [jdm] eine Falle stellen5. (render)to \lay sth bare [or flat] etw offenlegento \lay sb/sth open to an attack/to criticism jdn/etw einem Angriff/der Kritik aussetzento \lay sb/sth open to ridicule jdn/etw der Lächerlichkeit preisgebento \lay waste the land das Land verwüsten6. (deposit)to \lay an egg ein Ei legen7. (wager)▪ to \lay sth etw setzen [o verwetten]to \lay sb ten to one that... mit jdm zehn zu eins darum wetten, dass...to \lay one's life/shirt on sth sein Leben/letztes Hemd auf etw akk verwetten8. (present)▪ to \lay sth before sb jdm etw vorlegen, etw vor jdn bringento \lay one's case before sb/sth jdm/etw sein Anliegen unterbreiten9. (assert)to \lay a charge against sb gegen jdn Anklage erheben10. CARDSto \lay an ace/a queen ein Ass/eine Königin legento get laid flachgelegt werden sl12.▶ to \lay sb's fears to rest jds Ängste zerstreuen▶ to \lay a ghost einen [bösen] Geist beschwören [o bannen]▶ to \lay the ghosts of the past Vergangenheitsbewältigung betreiben▶ to \lay hands on sb Hand an jdn legenI'll see if I can \lay my hands on a copy for you ich schau mal, ob ich eine Kopie für dich ergattern kann fam▶ to \lay sth on the line etw riskieren [o aufs Spiel setzen]▶ to \lay it [or sth] on [a bit thick [or with a trowel]] etwas übertreiben [o fam zu dick auftragen]▶ to \lay sb's fears/suspicions to rest jdn beschwichtigen▶ to \lay sth on the table (present for discussion) etw auf den Tisch [o fam aufs Tapet] bringen; AM (suspend discussion of) etw aufschiebenIII. vi<laid, laid>hen [Eier] legen* * *I [leɪ]n (LITER, MUS)Ballade f, Lied nt IIadjLaien-III pret See: of lie IV vb: pret, ptp laidlay opinion — die öffentliche Meinung, die Öffentlichkeit
1. nSee:→ land2) (sl)that's the best lay I ever had — das war die beste Nummer, die ich je gemacht habe (inf)
2. vtI never laid a hand on him — ich habe ihn überhaupt nicht angefasst, ich habe ihm überhaupt nichts getan
he took all the money he could lay his hands on — er nahm alles Geld, das ihm in die Finger kam (inf)
2) bricks, foundations, track legen; concrete gießen; cable, mains, pipes verlegen; road bauen, anlegen; carpet, lino (ver)legen3) (= prepare) fire herrichten; (esp Brit) table decken; mines, ambush legen; trap aufstellen; plans schmiedento lay the table for breakfast/lunch (esp Brit) — den Frühstücks-/Mittagstisch decken
4) (non-material things) burden auferlegen (on sb jdm)to lay the blame for sth on sb/sth — jdm/einer Sache die Schuld an etw (dat) geben
to lay responsibility for sth on sb —
the stress which he lays on it — der Nachdruck, den er darauf legt
the police laid a charge of murder against him — die Polizei erstattete gegen ihn Anzeige wegen Mordes
he laid out his case before them — er trug ihnen seinen Fall vor
See:→ lowto lay bets on sth — auf etw (acc) wetten
I lay you a fiver on it! —
I'll lay you that... — ich wette mit dir, dass...
I'll lay you anything... — ich gehe mit dir jede Wette ein...
9) (sl)he just wants to get laid — er will nur bumsen (inf)
3. vi(hen) legen* * *lay1 [leı]A s1. ( besonders geografische) Lage:the lay of the land fig bes US die Lage (der Dinge)2. Schicht f, Lage f3. Schlag m (beim Tauwerk)4. Plan m5. umg Job m, Beschäftigung f, Tätigkeit f6. USa) Preis mb) (Verkaufs)Bedingungen pl7. sla) she’s an easy lay die ist leicht zu haben, die geht mit jedem ins Bett;she’s a good lay sie ist gut im Bettb) Nummer f vulg (Geschlechtsverkehr):B v/t prät und pperf laid [leıd]1. legen:lay bricks mauern;lay a bridge eine Brücke schlagen;lay a cable ein Kabel (ver)legen;lay a carpet einen Teppich verlegen;lay a wreath einen Kranz niederlegen (at an dat); → Verbindungen mit den entsprechenden Substantiven3. fig legen, setzen:lay an ambush einen Hinterhalt legen;lay one’s hopes on seine Hoffnungen setzen auf (akk);lay an offside trap SPORT eine Abseitsfalle aufbauen;the scene is laid in Rome der Schauplatz oder Ort der Handlung ist Rom, das Stück etc spielt in Rom;4. (her)richten, anordnen, den Tisch decken:lay the fire das Feuer (im Kamin) anlegen;5. belegen, auslegen ( beide:with mit):6. Farbe etc auftragenlay one’s case before a commission9. einen Schaden etc festsetzen (at auf akk)to dat)b) eine Strafe, ein Embargo etc verhängen (on über akk)12. einen Plan schmieden, ersinnen13. a) etwas wettenb) setzen auf (akk)14. niederwerfen, -strecken, zu Boden strecken15. Getreide etc zu Boden drücken, umlegen (Wind etc)16. die Wogen etc glätten, beruhigen, besänftigen:the wind is laid der Wind hat sich gelegt17. Staub löschen18. einen Geist bannen, beschwören:lay the ghosts of the past fig Vergangenheitsbewältigung betreiben19. einen Stoff etc glätten, glatt pressen20. SCHIFF Kurs nehmen auf (akk), ansteuernC v/i1. (Eier) legen2. wettenlay into sb über jemanden herfallen (auch mit Worten)a) jemanden, etwas in Ruhe lassenb) aufhören mit:lay off it! hör auf (damit)!7. sl liegenlay2 [leı] prät von lie2lay3 [leı] adj Laien…:a) REL weltlichb) laienhaft, nicht fachmännisch:lay4 [leı] s poet Lied n, Weise f* * *I adjective1) (Relig.) laikal; Laien[bruder, -schwester, -predigt]2) (inexpert) laienhaftII 1. transitive verb,1) legen, [ver]legen [Teppichboden, Rohr, Gleis, Steine, Kabel, Leitung]; legen [Parkett, Fliesen, Fundament]; anlegen [Straße, Gehsteig]; see also hand 1. 1)2) (fig.)lay one's plans/ideas before somebody — jemandem seine Pläne/Vorstellungen unterbreiten; see also blame 2.; open 1. 4)
3) (impose) auferlegen [Verantwortung, Verpflichtung] (on Dat.)lay weight on something — Gewicht auf etwas (Akk.) legen
4) (wager)I'll lay you five to one that... — ich wette mit dir fünf zu eins, dass...
lay a wager on something — eine Wette auf etwas (Akk.) abschließen; auf etwas (Akk.) wetten
5) (prepare)6) (Biol.) legen [Ei]7) (devise) schmieden [Plan]; bannen [Geist, Gespenst]8) (sl.): (copulate with)2. nounlay a woman — eine Frau vernaschen od. aufs Kreuz legen (salopp)
(sl.): (sexual partner)she's a good/an easy lay — sie ist gut im Bett/steigt mit jedem ins Bett (ugs.)
Phrasal Verbs:- lay by- lay down- lay in- lay into- lay off- lay on- lay out- lay upIII* * *v.(§ p.,p.p.: laid)= legen v.setzen v.stellen v. -
12 Iberianism
The belief or ideology that a unified Iberian Peninsula in which Spain and Portugal would be incorporated in the same political unit would enhance those countries' place in Europe, lay a basis for revival of the Iberian states from a position of decline, and lead to needed social improvements. Iberianism became popular with certain leftist groups, including socialists, in both countries in the 19th century, although it was a more popular idea in Spain than it was in Portugal. Sometimes Iberianism was expressed in the form of advocating an Iberian federal union or federation. -
13 foundation
noun1) (establishing) Gründung, die; (of hospital, monastery) Stiftung, die; (of school of painting, of religion) Begründung, die2) (institution) Stiftung, die3) usu. in pl.foundation[s] — (underlying part of building; also fig.) Fundament, das
be without or have no foundation — (fig.) unbegründet sein
lay the foundation of/for something — (fig.) das Fundament od. die Grundlage zu etwas legen
4) (cosmetic) Grundierung, die* * *1) (the act of founding: the foundation of a new university.) die Gründung2) (the base on which something is built: First they laid the foundations, then they built the walls.) das Fundament3) (an amount of money to be used for a special purpose or the organization that manages it: The British Foundation for Cancer Research.) die Stiftung* * *foun·da·tion[ˌfaʊnˈdeɪʃən]nto shake sth to its \foundations etw in seinem Fundament erschütternto shake sth to its \foundations etw in seinen Grundfesten erschütternto have no [or be without] \foundation der [o jeglicher] Grundlage entbehren geh* * *[faUn'deISən]n2) (= institution) Stiftung f3)foundations pl ( Build, of house etc ) — Fundament nt; (of road) Unterbau m
4) (fig: basis) Grundlage fto be without foundation (rumours, allegations) — jeder Grundlage entbehren; (fears) unbegründet sein
to rock or shake sth to its foundations — etw bis in seine Grundfesten erschüttern
5) (= make-up) Grundierungscreme f* * *foundation [faʊnˈdeıʃn] s1. meist pl ARCH Fundament n:a) das Fundament legen für, fundamentieren,2. meist pl TECH Unterbau m, -lage f (einer Straße etc), Bettung f3. Grundlegung f4. fig Gründung f, Errichtung f:5. (gemeinnützige) Stiftung:be on the foundation Geld aus der Stiftung erhalten6. a) Unterlage fb) steifes (Zwischen)Futter7. MAL Grundierung f, Grundanstrich m9. a) → academic.ru/29055/foundation_garment">foundation garment 110. fig Grund(lage) m(f), Basis f, Fundament n:be completely without foundation, have no foundation in fact jeder Grundlage entbehren* * *noun1) (establishing) Gründung, die; (of hospital, monastery) Stiftung, die; (of school of painting, of religion) Begründung, die2) (institution) Stiftung, die3) usu. in pl.foundation[s] — (underlying part of building; also fig.) Fundament, das
be without or have no foundation — (fig.) unbegründet sein
lay the foundation of/for something — (fig.) das Fundament od. die Grundlage zu etwas legen
4) (cosmetic) Grundierung, die* * *n.Fundament n.Grundlage f.Gründung -en f.Stiftung -en f. -
14 foundation
faunˈdeɪʃən сущ.
1) а) фундамент (в частности, геол.), основание to lay the foundation(s) of smth. ≈ заложить фундамент/основу чего-л.;
положить начало чему-л. to undermine a foundation ≈ подорвать фундамент firm, solid, sound, strong foundation ≈ прочная основа, фундамент the foundation ( of a building) settles ≈ закладывается фундамент здания foundation pit ≈ котлован под фундамент Syn: basis б) в шитье: корсет, кринолин;
нижняя юбка в) мед.;
хим в мази, лосьоне: база, то, на чем сделана мазь или другая смесь( на жиру, спирту и т.п.)
2) а) основание как действие (города, компании, семьи и т.д.) Syn: establishing, instituting, constituting б) организация, учреждение educational foundation Syn: institution в) фонд charitable foundation philanthropic foundation Syn: fund
3) а) перен. основа, основание;
азы, базис Syn: basis б) мн. основы, устои в) обоснованность, основание The rumour has no foundation. ≈ Это ни на чем не основанный слух. Syn: basis основание ( города и т. п.) ;
закладка( фундамента и т. п.) - the * of London took place at an unknown date год основания Лондона неизвестен (часто pl) фундамент, основание - the explosion shook the building to its *s взрыв потряс здание до самого основания - to lay the *s of smth. заложить фундамент чего-л.;
положить начало чему-л. - * bolt анкерный, фундаментальный болт - * pit (строительство) котлован( фундамента) основание, обоснование, обоснованность - the rumour is without * это ни на чем не основанный слух pl основы, принципы - the *s of the theory основы теории основа, базис, база;
исходный пункт - the *s of smb.'s career основа чьей-л. карьеры - to strike at the * of smth. подрывать самую основу чего-л. организация, учреждение, создание - the * of library организация библиотеки фонд, пожертвованный на (какое-л.) культурное начинание - to be on the * существовать за счет пожертвованного фонда( часто F.) учреждение или организация, существующие на пожертвованный фонд грунт _ текст жесткая подкладка;
бортовка грация( корсет вместе с бюстгалтером) (пчеловодство) вощина крем под пудру anniversary ~ юбилейный фонд benevolent ~ благотворительный фонд charity ~ благотворительный фонд create a ~ закладывать основу foundation база ~ благотворительный институт ~ обоснованность ~ организация, учреждение ~ организация ~ основа, базис ~ основа ~ основание, учреждение ~ основание, обоснованность;
the rumour has no foundation это ни на чем не основанный слух ~ основание (города и т. п.) ~ основание ~ pl основы;
устои ~ создание ~ учреждение, существующее на пожертвованный фонд ~ учреждение ~ фонд, пожертвованный на культурные начинания ~ фонд ~ орг.бизн. фонд ~ фундамент;
основание, основа;
to lay the foundation(s) (of smth.) заложить фундамент (чего-л.) ;
положить начало (чем-л.) ~ фундамент ~ attr.: ~ pit стр. котлован под фундамент;
foundation garment корсет, грация;
foundation cream крем под пудру ~ attr.: ~ pit стр. котлован под фундамент;
foundation garment корсет, грация;
foundation cream крем под пудру ~ attr.: ~ pit стр. котлован под фундамент;
foundation garment корсет, грация;
foundation cream крем под пудру ~ attr.: ~ pit стр. котлован под фундамент;
foundation garment корсет, грация;
foundation cream крем под пудру ~ фундамент;
основание, основа;
to lay the foundation(s) (of smth.) заложить фундамент (чего-л.) ;
положить начало (чем-л.) legal ~ законное образование legal ~ законное основание legal ~ судебное учреждение nonprofit ~ бесприбыльный фонд pension ~ пенсионный фонд (особенно как учрждение, существующее на пожертвования) pension ~ пенсионный фонд ~ основание, обоснованность;
the rumour has no foundation это ни на чем не основанный слухБольшой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > foundation
-
15 base
I
1. beis noun1) (the foundation, support, or lowest part (of something), or the surface on which something is standing: the base of the statue; the base of the triangle; the base of the tree.) base2) (the main ingredient of a mixture: This paint has oil as a base.) base3) (a headquarters, starting-point etc: an army base.) base
2. verb((often with on) to use as a foundation, starting-point etc: I base my opinion on evidence; Our group was based in Paris.) basar, establecer- baseless
II beis adjective(wicked or worthless: base desires.) bajo, vil- basely- baseness
base1 n1. base / pie2. base / sedebase2 vb1. basar / basarse2. tener la base
Del verbo basar: ( conjugate basar) \ \
basé es: \ \1ª persona singular (yo) pretérito indicativo
base es: \ \1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativoMultiple Entries: basar base
basar ( conjugate basar) verbo transitivo ‹teoría/idea› base algo en algo to base sth on sth basarse verbo pronominala) [ persona] basese EN algo:◊ ¿en qué te basas para decir eso? and what basis o grounds do you have for saying that?;se basó en esos datos he based his argument (o theory etc) on that informationb) [teoría/creencia/idea/opinión] basese EN algo to be based on sth
base sustantivo femenino 1b) tb2 tengo suficiente base para asegurar eso I have sufficient grounds to claim that; sentar las bases de algo to lay the foundations of sth; tomar algo como base to take sth as a starting pointb) ( conocimientos básicos):llegó al curso sin ninguna base he didn't have the basics when he began the course; base de datos database 3 ( en locs)◊ a base de: un régimen a base de verdura a vegetable-based diet;vive a base de pastillas he lives on pills 4 ( centro de operaciones) base;◊ base aérea/naval/militar air/naval/military base5 6b)
basar verbo transitivo to base [en, on]
base
I sustantivo femenino
1 base
2 (fundamento de una teoría, de un argumento) basis, (motivo) grounds: tus quejas no tienen base alguna, your complaints are groundless
3 (conocimientos previos) grounding: tiene muy mala base en matemáticas, he's got a very poor grasp of maths
4 Mil base
base aérea/naval, air/naval base
5 Inform base de datos, data base
II fpl
1 Pol the grass roots: las bases no apoyan al candidato, the candidate didn't get any grass-roots support
2 (de un concurso) rules Locuciones: a base de: la fastidiaron a base de bien, they really messed her about
a base de estudiar consiguió aprobar, he passed by studying
a base de extracto de camomila, using camomile extract ' base' also found in these entries: Spanish: baja - bajo - basar - columpiarse - concentración - esquema - fundar - fundamentar - fundarse - innoble - mantenerse - pie - salario - somier - subsistir - tejemaneje - asiento - banco - bastardo - cimentar - fundamento - inicial - mantener - rejilla - sueldo English: air base - base - basis - circuit board - cornerstone - data base - decision making - fatty - foundation - from - grounding - rank - rationale - roll out - stand - undercoat - work - air - ball - base pay - bed - cover - data - educated - found - French - go - ground - hard - home - model - pickle - primary - report - rocky - sordid - squash - staple - starchy - taxable - undertr[beɪs]1 bajo,-a, vil2 (metal) común, de baja ley————————tr[beɪs]1 (gen) base nombre femenino3 (of word) raíz nombre femenino1 basar2 SMALLMILITARY/SMALL (troops) estacionar\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLto be based in (troops) tener la base ento get to first base superar el primer retobase rate tipo basebase unit unidad nombre femenino base1) : de baja ley (dícese de un metal)2) contemptible: vil, despreciableadj.• bajo, -a adj.• base adj.• canallesco, -a adj.• humilde adj.• marrano, -a adj.• rastrero, -a adj.• ratero, -a adj.• ruin adj.• soez adj.• sucio, -a adj.• vil adj.n.• base s.m.• peana s.f.• pie s.m.• soporte s.m.v.• basar v.• basarse v.• fundar v.• vincular v.
I beɪs1)a) (of column, wall) base f, basa f; (of mountain, tree) pie m; (of spine, skull) base fb) ( of lamp) pie m2) (foundation, basis) base f3)a) (of patrol, for excursion) base fb) base (camp) ( for expedition) campamento m basec) ( of organization) sede f4) ( Culin) ( main ingredient) base fdishes with a rice base — platos mpl a base de arroz
5) (Chem, Math) base f6) ( in baseball) base fto be off base — ( wrong) (AmE) estar* equivocado; (lit: in baseball) estar* fuera de (la) base
to catch somebody off base — ( by surprise) (AmE) pillar or (AmL) agarrar a alguien desprevenido; (lit: in baseball) pillar or (AmL) agarrar a alguien fuera de (la) base
to touch base: I called them, just to touch base — los llamé, para mantener el contacto
II
1) ( found)to base something on o upon something — \<\<opinion/conclusion\>\> basar or fundamentar algo en algo
the movie is based on a real event — la película se basa or está basada en una historia real
2) ( locate) basarhe's/the company is based in Madrid — tiene/la compañía tiene su base en Madrid
where are you based now? — ¿dónde estás (or vives etc) ahora?
III
adjective baser, basesta) <conduct/motive> abyecto, innoble, vilb) ( inferior)base metal — metal m de baja ley
I [beɪs]1. N1) (=bottom, support) [of wall] base f ; [of column] base f, pie m ; [of vase, lamp] pie m2) (=basis, starting point) base f3) (Mil) base f ; [of organization, company] sede f ; (=residence) lugar m de residencia; (=workplace) base f4) (Baseball) base f- get to or reach first base- touch base with sb- touch or cover all the basesto be off base (US) * —
5) (Math) base f6) (Drugs) * cocaína f (para fumar)2. VT1) (=post, locate)to base sb at — [+ troops] estacionar a algn en
where are you based now? — ¿dónde estás ahora?
2) (=found) [+ opinion, relationship]to base sth on — basar or fundar algo en
to be based on — basarse or fundarse en
3.CPDbase coat N — [of paint] primera capa f
base form N — (Ling) base f derivativa
base jumping N — salto en paracaídas realizado ilegalmente desde rascacielos, puentes etc
base lending rate N — tipo m de interés base
base period N — período m base
base station N — (Telec) base f ; (Rad) estación f base
II
[beɪs](compar baser) (superl basest) ADJ1) [action, motive] vil, bajo2) [metal] bajo de ley* * *
I [beɪs]1)a) (of column, wall) base f, basa f; (of mountain, tree) pie m; (of spine, skull) base fb) ( of lamp) pie m2) (foundation, basis) base f3)a) (of patrol, for excursion) base fb) base (camp) ( for expedition) campamento m basec) ( of organization) sede f4) ( Culin) ( main ingredient) base fdishes with a rice base — platos mpl a base de arroz
5) (Chem, Math) base f6) ( in baseball) base fto be off base — ( wrong) (AmE) estar* equivocado; (lit: in baseball) estar* fuera de (la) base
to catch somebody off base — ( by surprise) (AmE) pillar or (AmL) agarrar a alguien desprevenido; (lit: in baseball) pillar or (AmL) agarrar a alguien fuera de (la) base
to touch base: I called them, just to touch base — los llamé, para mantener el contacto
II
1) ( found)to base something on o upon something — \<\<opinion/conclusion\>\> basar or fundamentar algo en algo
the movie is based on a real event — la película se basa or está basada en una historia real
2) ( locate) basarhe's/the company is based in Madrid — tiene/la compañía tiene su base en Madrid
where are you based now? — ¿dónde estás (or vives etc) ahora?
III
adjective baser, basesta) <conduct/motive> abyecto, innoble, vilb) ( inferior)base metal — metal m de baja ley
-
16 основа
жен.
1) basis прям. и перен.;
foundation;
base класть в основу ≈ (что-л.) to base oneself on smth., to assume smth. as a basis в своей основе ≈ basically в основе ≈ at the heart of закладывать основы ≈ to lay the foundation/basis/groundwork for smth., to pave the way for smth.
2) мн. основы fundamental(s), essential principle(s), ABC, basics, foundation
3) грам. stem
4) текст. warpоснов|а - ж.
1. (каркас, остов) base, frame( work) ;
перен. core;
2. (главное, на чём зиждется что-л.) basis ( pl. -ses) ;
мн. principles, foundations;
взаимовыгодная ~ mutually beneficial basis;
договорная ~ contract basis;
долговременная ~ long-term basis;
позаказная ~ (работы) job basis;
повременная ~ (оплаты) time-rate-basis;
сдельная ~ (оплаты) piece-rate-basis;
экономическая ~ economic basis;
на комиссионной ~е on a commission basis;
на ~е твёрдой цены on a firm-fixed price;
на ~е данных налогообложения on a fiscal basis;
3. мн. (исходные положения какой-л. науки) fundamentals, principles;
4. текст. warp;
5. грам. stem;
брать что-л. за ~у, положить что-л. в ~у take* smth. as a basis, base smth. upon;
лежать в ~е чего-л. form the basis of smth. ;
~ основ bedrock. -
17 foundation
1) (the act of founding: the foundation of a new university.) fundación2) (the base on which something is built: First they laid the foundations, then they built the walls.) fundamento, base3) (an amount of money to be used for a special purpose or the organization that manages it: The British Foundation for Cancer Research.) fundaciónfoundation n fundacióntr[faʊn'deɪʃən]1 (act, organization) fundación nombre femenino2 (basis) fundamento, base nombre femenino3 (make-up) base nombre femenino1 cimientos nombre masculino plural\SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALLfoundation course curso de introducciónfoundation stone primera piedrafoundation [faʊn'deɪʃən] n1) founding: fundación f2) basis: fundamento m, base f3) institution: fundación f4) : cimientos mpl (de un edificio)n.• basa s.f.• cimiento s.m.• cimientos s.m.pl.• entibo s.m.• establecimiento s.m.• fondo s.m.• fundación s.f.• fundamento s.m.• pie s.m.• polo s.m.faʊn'deɪʃən1)a) u ( establishing) fundación fb) c ( institution) fundación f2) c (often pl)a) ( Const) cimientos mplb) (groundwork, basis) fundamentos mpl, base f; (before n)foundation course — curso m preparatorio
3) u ( grounds) fundamento mthe suspicion is without foundation — la sospecha es infundada or carece de fundamento
4) c ua) ( cosmetic) base f de maquillajeb) foundation (cream) (crema f) base fc) ( of painting) base f, apresto m[faʊn'deɪʃǝn]1. N1) (=act) fundación f, establecimiento m2) (fig) (=basis) fundamento m, base f3) foundations (Archit) cimientos mplto lay the foundations — (also fig) echar los cimientos (of de)
4) (=organization) fundación f5) (=make-up) maquillaje m de fondo, base f2.CPDfoundation course N — curso m preparatorio
foundation cream N — crema f de base
foundation garment N — corsé m
foundation stone N — (Brit) primera piedra f ; (fig) piedra f angular
* * *[faʊn'deɪʃən]1)a) u ( establishing) fundación fb) c ( institution) fundación f2) c (often pl)a) ( Const) cimientos mplb) (groundwork, basis) fundamentos mpl, base f; (before n)foundation course — curso m preparatorio
3) u ( grounds) fundamento mthe suspicion is without foundation — la sospecha es infundada or carece de fundamento
4) c ua) ( cosmetic) base f de maquillajeb) foundation (cream) (crema f) base fc) ( of painting) base f, apresto m -
18 foundation
1. n основание, закладкаlegal foundation — правовое основание, правооснование
2. n фундамент, основаниеlay foundation — заложить фундамент; положить; начало
3. n основание, обоснование, обоснованность4. n основы; принципы5. n основа, базис, база; исходный пункт6. n организация, учреждение, создание7. n фонд, пожертвованный на культурное начинание8. n учреждение или организация, существующие на пожертвованный фондheritage foundation — фонд "Хэритидж Фаундэйшн"
9. n жив. грунт10. n текст. жёсткая подкладка; бортовка11. n пчел. вощинаСинонимический ряд:1. base (noun) base; basement; basis; bed; bedrock; bottom; cornerstone; foot; footing; fundamental; ground; groundwork; hardpan; infrastructure; justification; rest; root; rudiment; seat; seating; substratum; substruction; substructure; underpinning; understructure; wall; warrant2. benefaction (noun) benefaction; charity; endowment; fund3. buttress (noun) buttress; column; shaft; support4. establishment (noun) association; company; creation; establishment; founding; institute; institution; organisation; organization; settlement; society5. girdle (noun) corselet; corset; girdle6. reason (noun) basis; justification; reason; warrantАнтонимический ряд:apex; arch; crown; dome; peak; pinnacle; roof; summit; top; tower; vertex -
19 foundation
foun·da·tion [ˌfaʊnʼdeɪʃən] nto shake sth to its \foundations etw in seinem Fundament erschüttern2) usu plto shake sth to its \foundations etw in seinen Grundfesten erschüttern -
20 Knowledge
It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst men, that houses, mountains, rivers, and, in a word, all sensible objects, have an existence, natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding. But, with how great an assurance and acquiescence soever this principle may be entertained in the world, yet whoever shall find in his heart to call it into question may, if I mistake not, perceive it to involve a manifest contradiction. For, what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? and what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? and is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these, or any combination of them, should exist unperceived? (Berkeley, 1996, Pt. I, No. 4, p. 25)It seems to me that the only objects of the abstract sciences or of demonstration are quantity and number, and that all attempts to extend this more perfect species of knowledge beyond these bounds are mere sophistry and illusion. As the component parts of quantity and number are entirely similar, their relations become intricate and involved; and nothing can be more curious, as well as useful, than to trace, by a variety of mediums, their equality or inequality, through their different appearances.But as all other ideas are clearly distinct and different from each other, we can never advance farther, by our utmost scrutiny, than to observe this diversity, and, by an obvious reflection, pronounce one thing not to be another. Or if there be any difficulty in these decisions, it proceeds entirely from the undeterminate meaning of words, which is corrected by juster definitions. That the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the squares of the other two sides cannot be known, let the terms be ever so exactly defined, without a train of reasoning and enquiry. But to convince us of this proposition, that where there is no property, there can be no injustice, it is only necessary to define the terms, and explain injustice to be a violation of property. This proposition is, indeed, nothing but a more imperfect definition. It is the same case with all those pretended syllogistical reasonings, which may be found in every other branch of learning, except the sciences of quantity and number; and these may safely, I think, be pronounced the only proper objects of knowledge and demonstration. (Hume, 1975, Sec. 12, Pt. 3, pp. 163-165)Our knowledge springs from two fundamental sources of the mind; the first is the capacity of receiving representations (the ability to receive impressions), the second is the power to know an object through these representations (spontaneity in the production of concepts).Through the first, an object is given to us; through the second, the object is thought in relation to that representation.... Intuition and concepts constitute, therefore, the elements of all our knowledge, so that neither concepts without intuition in some way corresponding to them, nor intuition without concepts, can yield knowledge. Both may be either pure or empirical.... Pure intuitions or pure concepts are possible only a priori; empirical intuitions and empirical concepts only a posteriori. If the receptivity of our mind, its power of receiving representations in so far as it is in any way affected, is to be called "sensibility," then the mind's power of producing representations from itself, the spontaneity of knowledge, should be called "understanding." Our nature is so constituted that our intuitions can never be other than sensible; that is, it contains only the mode in which we are affected by objects. The faculty, on the other hand, which enables us to think the object of sensible intuition is the understanding.... Without sensibility, no object would be given to us; without understanding, no object would be thought. Thoughts without content are empty; intuitions without concepts are blind. It is therefore just as necessary to make our concepts sensible, that is, to add the object to them in intuition, as to make our intuitions intelligible, that is to bring them under concepts. These two powers or capacities cannot exchange their functions. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their union can knowledge arise. (Kant, 1933, Sec. 1, Pt. 2, B74-75 [p. 92])Metaphysics, as a natural disposition of Reason is real, but it is also, in itself, dialectical and deceptive.... Hence to attempt to draw our principles from it, and in their employment to follow this natural but none the less fallacious illusion can never produce science, but only an empty dialectical art, in which one school may indeed outdo the other, but none can ever attain a justifiable and lasting success. In order that, as a science, it may lay claim not merely to deceptive persuasion, but to insight and conviction, a Critique of Reason must exhibit in a complete system the whole stock of conceptions a priori, arranged according to their different sources-the Sensibility, the understanding, and the Reason; it must present a complete table of these conceptions, together with their analysis and all that can be deduced from them, but more especially the possibility of synthetic knowledge a priori by means of their deduction, the principles of its use, and finally, its boundaries....This much is certain: he who has once tried criticism will be sickened for ever of all the dogmatic trash he was compelled to content himself with before, because his Reason, requiring something, could find nothing better for its occupation. Criticism stands to the ordinary school metaphysics exactly in the same relation as chemistry to alchemy, or as astron omy to fortune-telling astrology. I guarantee that no one who has comprehended and thought out the conclusions of criticism, even in these Prolegomena, will ever return to the old sophistical pseudo-science. He will rather look forward with a kind of pleasure to a metaphysics, certainly now within his power, which requires no more preparatory discoveries, and which alone can procure for reason permanent satisfaction. (Kant, 1891, pp. 115-116)Knowledge is only real and can only be set forth fully in the form of science, in the form of system. Further, a so-called fundamental proposition or first principle of philosophy, even if it is true, it is yet none the less false, just because and in so far as it is merely a fundamental proposition, merely a first principle. It is for that reason easily refuted. The refutation consists in bringing out its defective character; and it is defective because it is merely the universal, merely a principle, the beginning. If the refutation is complete and thorough, it is derived and developed from the nature of the principle itself, and not accomplished by bringing in from elsewhere other counter-assurances and chance fancies. It would be strictly the development of the principle, and thus the completion of its deficiency, were it not that it misunderstands its own purport by taking account solely of the negative aspect of what it seeks to do, and is not conscious of the positive character of its process and result. The really positive working out of the beginning is at the same time just as much the very reverse: it is a negative attitude towards the principle we start from. Negative, that is to say, in its one-sided form, which consists in being primarily immediate, a mere purpose. It may therefore be regarded as a refutation of what constitutes the basis of the system; but more correctly it should be looked at as a demonstration that the basis or principle of the system is in point of fact merely its beginning. (Hegel, 1910, pp. 21-22)Knowledge, action, and evaluation are essentially connected. The primary and pervasive significance of knowledge lies in its guidance of action: knowing is for the sake of doing. And action, obviously, is rooted in evaluation. For a being which did not assign comparative values, deliberate action would be pointless; and for one which did not know, it would be impossible. Conversely, only an active being could have knowledge, and only such a being could assign values to anything beyond his own feelings. A creature which did not enter into the process of reality to alter in some part the future content of it, could apprehend a world only in the sense of intuitive or esthetic contemplation; and such contemplation would not possess the significance of knowledge but only that of enjoying and suffering. (Lewis, 1946, p. 1)"Evolutionary epistemology" is a branch of scholarship that applies the evolutionary perspective to an understanding of how knowledge develops. Knowledge always involves getting information. The most primitive way of acquiring it is through the sense of touch: amoebas and other simple organisms know what happens around them only if they can feel it with their "skins." The knowledge such an organism can have is strictly about what is in its immediate vicinity. After a huge jump in evolution, organisms learned to find out what was going on at a distance from them, without having to actually feel the environment. This jump involved the development of sense organs for processing information that was farther away. For a long time, the most important sources of knowledge were the nose, the eyes, and the ears. The next big advance occurred when organisms developed memory. Now information no longer needed to be present at all, and the animal could recall events and outcomes that happened in the past. Each one of these steps in the evolution of knowledge added important survival advantages to the species that was equipped to use it.Then, with the appearance in evolution of humans, an entirely new way of acquiring information developed. Up to this point, the processing of information was entirely intrasomatic.... But when speech appeared (and even more powerfully with the invention of writing), information processing became extrasomatic. After that point knowledge did not have to be stored in the genes, or in the memory traces of the brain; it could be passed on from one person to another through words, or it could be written down and stored on a permanent substance like stone, paper, or silicon chips-in any case, outside the fragile and impermanent nervous system. (Csikszentmihalyi, 1993, pp. 56-57)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Knowledge
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